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Policy action
Europe keeps up momentum, US moves up a notch to net zero
How credible are the political pledges on the road to a CO₂-neutral world? That depends on progress on four pillars: CO₂ pricing, policy environment, policy incentives and international cooperation.
What happened in 2022?
Assessing policy action across the four pillars - carbon pricing, political environment, policy incentives and international cooperation - over the past year, we note some encouraging progress on a country level, with Europe and the US standing out, but a disappointing lack of momentum on international cooperation. The relatively weak outcomes from COP27, and lack of specificity over the new loss and damage fund for countries most vulnerable to climate change, have shown that global agreement is difficult to reach.
Revisiting our analysis in February 2023, we make only one change by upgrading the overall US rating from ‘Low to Medium’ to ‘Medium,’ on positive developments related to increased policy incentives in the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and some progress on regional carbon pricing. Other changes to the Fidelity net zero tracker include adding the UK, one of the global leaders on climate policies, and dropping Russia. Table 1 summarises our latest assessment.
Our results in more detail
Carbon pricing
EU
The EU remains the leader in carbon pricing, strengthened by recent announcements of a more ambitious reduction target for Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) sectors of 62% by 2030, aided by the introduction of a new ETS covering buildings and road transport. Notably the scheme includes greenhouse gas (GHG), not just carbon, currently covering over 40% of the jurisdiction’s emissions, although this will soon be much higher.
In December 2022, the EU also announced the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), a historic policy breakthrough which targets imports of products in carbon-intensive industries and seeks to prevent carbon leakage. Despite backlash from trading partners, we see the CBAM as further incentive for these countries to adopt their own carbon pricing systems, inching the world towards a global carbon price. We keep EU’s ‘High’ rating unchanged, supported by carbon policy ambition and momentum.
China
Previously, we noted China’s encouraging path on the way to carbon pricing, as it launched its ETS, with plans to expand to seven further sectors beyond the power sector. Even without further expansion, the scheme is already the world’s largest, covering 40% of national emissions, according to International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP). We keep China’s ‘Medium’ rating in this category unchanged.
US
The US has not seen much change on carbon pricing over the past year, but the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) timeline for potential joiners has been in flux, with Pennsylvania and North Carolina possibly joining soon. According to BloombergNEF (BNEF), Pennsylvania alone joining could expand the size of the US carbon market by 80%. Additionally, three other states have separate cap-and-trade programs planned for 2023. Moreover, in 2023 the US is expected to raise its official estimate of the Social Cost of Carbon, a measure of the economic damages caused by each ton of carbon pollution produced today, prompted by a recent estimate of 190 USD by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Given that the government’s estimate is used in policy making, and alongside the various ETS expansions planned for 2023, we notch up the US rating on carbon pricing to ‘Low to Medium’, on grounds of encouraging policy momentum.
India
India keeps its ‘Low to Medium’ rating for now. Last year the trade of Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts) under the existing Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) Mechanism, which does not explicitly target emissions reduction but does lay out a framework for carbon pricing, was halted due to poor demand. Since then, the Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency presented a draft blueprint for the phased introduction of a national cap-and-trade scheme. In December 2022, an amendment to the 2001 Energy Conservation Act, establishing the legal basis for a voluntary carbon credit trading scheme, was passed through the Upper House of parliament, and therefore the provisions of the act have been in force since 1st January 2023. The focus now is on implementation.
Political environment
EU
For the political environment pillar, we keep EU’s ‘High’ rating due to accelerating momentum on climate action, catalysed by Russia’s war in Ukraine. The REPowerEU plan, put forward by the European Commission in May 2022, constitutes a step in the right direction. The plan includes a proposal to increase the share of renewables in final energy in 2030 from 40% to 45%. Within the EU, Germany and Spain stand out with their 2030 renewable electricity generation targets raised to 80% and 70%, respectively.
China
In China the central government published the 14th Five Year Plan for the energy sector, laying out a general direction – as well as specific tasks and goals – for the energy system for 2021-2025. At the 20th Party Congress, President Xi affirmed China’s net zero commitment, but emphasised a cautious approach to balancing its transition ambitions against the need for energy security. We maintain China’s ‘High’ rating on political environment but will be monitoring its policy direction, particularly with respect to coal.
US
In the US, the IRA was the most notable piece of climate-related legislation to date which supports its ‘Medium’ rating for policy environment.
India
India maintains its ‘Low’ rating as its coal capacity is likely to continue rising, aided by subsidies for both fossil fuels and renewable energy, including direct subsidies, fiscal incentives, price regulation and other government support. While coal subsidies in absolute terms have remained unchanged since 2017, they are still approximately 35% higher than subsidies for renewables.
Policy incentives
EU
The EU continues scoring ‘High’ in this category. The European Central Bank (ECB) remains at the forefront in mitigating climate risk, with its climate action plan covering corporate bond purchases, collateral framework, disclosure requirements and risk management. In 2022 the ECB carried out the climate stress testing exercise, assessing how prepared banks are for dealing with financial and economic shocks stemming from climate risk, and published a thematic review on a risk-based supervisory approach to climate change and environmental degradation.
US
In the US, we believe the green tax incentives within the IRA represent enough of a shift in policy to warrant an upgrade in US’s rating to ‘Medium to High’.
China
China keeps its ‘Medium’ rating, with its ‘1+N’ climate policy framework storing the potential for transformation, though more clarity and detail is required to understand its implementation scope and timeline. On the monetary policy front, the People’s Bank of China (PBoC) also continues making progress by exploring the role of monetary policy in encouraging financial institutions to support carbon emission reduction.
India
We stick to India’s ‘Low’ rating under the policy incentives pillar. The country has not announced any dedicated fund, though a plan to issue Sovereign Green Bonds is a part of the Union Budget 2022-23 announcement.
International cooperation
Whilst COP27 was by no means expected to be ground-breaking, the creation of the historic loss and damage fund was a notable breakthrough. Next to this, work to mobilise capital into cross-border climate projects continues, including via direct financing and the voluntary carbon markets. However, with no detail on actual funding and uncertain prospects from here, we do not believe the COP process has moved the needle on political international cooperation for now. The biggest surprise was to the downside through the failure to agree on the phase-down of all fossil fuels, instead only including the need for “low-emission” energy and dropping the resolution to cause emissions to peak by 2025.
On a more positive note, global momentum on corporate disclosure regulation, including the work of the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISBB) and transition plans, is gathering pace. The impact of transition plans could be positive by forcing companies to think about their climate risks, business models and products in a much more granular way than Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD).
EU
The EU keeps its ‘Medium to High’ rating. In addition to the ECB’s contribution to the NGFS framework, EU’s foreign policy agenda is increasingly integrating climate action into the assistance programme. The EU’s contribution for climate finance to developing economies amounts to 23.4 billion EUR to date.
China and US
Both China and US keep their ‘Low to Medium’ rating. Climate talks between the two countries resumed in late 2022, after being suspended for months amid tensions over trade, Taiwan and other security issues. While this is clearly a step in the right direction, uncertainty over the future path for negotiation and implementation remains high.
India
Finally, India keeps its ‘Low’ rating. In the run-up to COP27, India updated its 2030 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) targets and approved the plans to cut emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030. For its rating to rise, India has to show more ambitious policy action and evidence of implementation in coming years.
Defining scenario thresholds for policy action
Policy action is the most challenging of the three enablers to map onto climate scenarios as it is mostly qualitative in nature and involves a high degree of subjective judgement on policy importance and scope, its implementation prospects, risks and potential unintended consequences. Our attempt to rank countries on the four key pillars of policy action illustrates this challenge. In addition to continuing this ranking assessment over time, we also propose two metrics to add a quantitative dimension to the tracker - these include carbon prices and Nationally determined contributions (NDCs).
Investigating corporate action, technology and policy action – what do the results mean for investors?
2022 was a year in which geopolitical conflicts translated into increased climate scenario uncertainty. The range of possible outcomes is now wider than before, and the influence of policymakers over the direction and speed of transition to net zero is more acute.
Carbon pricing and technological advances are among those policy factors that are most likely to move the dial towards net zero compliance in the near term. To get on track for the net zero transition by 2050, companies across most sectors would have to pick up transition momentum rapidly from here. On technology enablers, there has been notable acceleration in renewables investment and green hydrogen expansion across the world in 2022. Key policy initiatives undertaken in 2022 in the US and Europe in particular should keep this momentum going.
The developments aren’t enough to change our baseline view from a disorderly to an orderly net zero transition. But the policy shifts catalysed by the war-induced energy crisis do have the potential to dramatically speed up the progress towards net zero goals. Tracking transition enablers with the aid of analyst research should help investors navigate the tremendous uncertainty associated with climate change and its impact on economies, allowing to capture shifts in probabilities of different climate scenarios in real time.
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